Chapter 10-14

Notes

Creek Indians

·        Not one tribe- loose confederation of tribes and chiefdoms

·        Sometimes referred to as Muscogees (b/c of language)

·        Upper- N Al.   Lower- W Ga., S Al, N Fl.

·        Seminoles part of lower Creeks

·        Political structure- chiefdom (chief- mico and tribal council ruled one or more towns).

Seminole Indians

·        Live in SW Ga. And N Fl.

·        Escaped slaves went there to become members of their tribes

·        In the War of 1812- Britain encouraged Seminoles to harass Ga. and Al. which increased hostility between the whites and the Seminoles

·        1817- 1^st Seminole War-Gen. Andrew Jackson won, 1819 Spain gave Florida to US. Indians forced to move to a reservation in central Fl.

·        1830- Indian Removal Act-removal of all southeastern tribes.

·        Seminoles resisted and 2^nd war occurred, and US won again at great costs

Cherokee Indians

·        Lived in 4 states: Ga, Al, NC, Tenn. (Appalachian Mountains)

·        Fought many wars against British and other Indians

·        Eventually sided with the British

·        Discovered gold in Daholonega which caused hostility with whites again, result- no longer a Cherokee nation, and their land was subject to Ga. laws.

Antebellum- “before the war”- culture and lifestyle that developed in the south before the Civil War.

·        Major industry in 1700’s in Ga. was cotton. (Sea island cotton) Because only grew on the sea coasts.

·        Cotton Gin- made it possible to grow and process cotton far into the states’s interior. (Ga. piedmont)

·        Eli Whitney invented it.

·        Black person in Antebellum Ga.- 99% were enslaved, held the lowest level of society, worked in cotton fields from sun up to sundown, servants, cooks, factory workers, nursemaids.

·        No political or civil liberties, no legal marriages

·        Controlled population

Education

·        Ideology- best left for individuals rather than the government providing.

·        Public education not pushed- only rich could afford- built “poor school funds”

·        1785- UGA chartered- higher education, the nations first state University

·        1 female college- Wesleyan Female college

Religion

·        Civil war period- no denomination represented

·        Present- Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Lutheran, Moravian, and Baptist.

·        Early 1800’s, Great Revival swept the south- church attendance increased.

Reform

·        Began to take a more humane approach to criminals and needy

·        1816- abolished cruel punishments

·        jails have blankets, food, clothing

·        state take care of needy

·        North rise of industrial economy led to the growth of cities, families moved from farms to work in cities.

·        South had few factories and jobs to attract cities and citizens.

·        Tariff- duty- a tax that one country places on goods imported from other countries

Slavery

·        South- wanted slavery       North- did not want slavery

·        Declaration- all men created equal- no prohibition for slaveholding

·        1780- Penn., Mass., first states to emancipate- free their slaves.

·        4 years later Rhode Island, and Conn. took similar action

·        Missouri Compromise- wanted admission to US as slave state. North protested.

·        1820- admitted as slave state- Maine- admitted as a free state.

·        South felt threatened b/c slave and free states not equal

·        Compromise of 1850-expansion of US boundaries to the west debated over making it free or slave territory. Result- Cal. Free- but enacted Fugitive slave law- required free states to return escaped slaves.

·        Slavery in Ga.- cotton production increased need for slaves.

·        Prices of slaves rose in cost

·        Always anti-slavery sentiment (banned until 1749)

·        Slave owners freed slaves in their wills to get around laws

·        Abolitionists- persons opposed to slavery

·        Slaves and abolitionists fought against slavery- constant fear of slave owners and whites that slaves would revolt- never happened on huge scale

·        Frederick Douglas- noted writer and lecturer, spoke out against slavery, death penalty, and supported equal rights for women and Native Americans.

Causes of the Civil War

·        Fundamental (underlying- developed over a long time)- differences between north and south in economics, states rights, slavery,

·        Immediate (just before the major event occurs)- 1860 Lincoln’s election to president, Abolitionist John Brown raid at Harper’s ferry in Va., secession of southern states

·        Lincoln was President during the war- 1854 Republican party formed- he no longer believed that the US could go on being half slave and half free. The south thought this meant that he would abolish slavery.

·        Emancipation Proclamation- 1863- All those in the Confederacy who held slaves- “shall be thence forward, and forever free!!”

Ga’s reaction to the war

·        Did not agree to Lincoln’s election, increased troops by 10,000 men. Eventually seceded from the union after SC (who did it first)

·        Ordinance of Secession- Ga’s declaration of independence- Ga’s ratification of the Constitution ratified, membership of union dissolved, have own rights of independent nations.

·        Lincoln replied- that secession is unconstitutional and illegal, acts of violence towards the US would be considered rebellion.

Notes Chapter 10-14

·        At first Georgia wanted to be its own sovereign nation after seceding from the Union, but soon they realized that the south had to work together.

·        They formed the confederacy (loose union of sovereign states in which a central government is given limited powers- same as US gov’t during the Articles of Confederation 1781-1789)

·        Ga, SC, Al, Fl, Miss., Lou., Tx- formed the Confederate states of America

·        The “constitution” was modeled after the US constitution but gave the states more power and the central government less!!

·        Life in Ga during the Civil War- fighting never very close to Ga. in first two years, Union blockaded the southern ports (no cotton trade- the south’s main source of income)= little money and supplies, women saved the day by finding subs for necessities, slave runaways increased b/c slave owners fighting.

·        1862- Emancipation Proclamation- Lincoln issued- freed slaves.

·         Sherman invades Georgia 1864- Union army of 99,000 men, Confederates 62,000 men, General Johnson, Sherman pushed his way thru to Kennesaw mtn- Confederates won, eventually Sherman made his way to Atlanta and took over the city- then destroyed it!!

·        Sherman’s march to the sea- goal- destroy Georgia’s resources (railroads, war supplies) destroyed $100 million dollars worth of food and resources. Ended in Savannah- and General Robert E Lee surrendered at Appomattox courthouse in Virigina 1865.

·        Andersonville prison-  Due to overgrowing numbers of Union prisoners- 1864- 33,000 prisoners, conditions- horrible,  little food, inadequate water, clothing and medical supplies scarce.

·        Economic Reconstruction- Antebellum Ga- main resources- land, labor, capital ($)- post- Antebellum- no slaves to work on plantations, no $.

·        Land- had to sell land to get $, sold for dirt cheap    Labor- shortages of workers, due to no slaves and loss of soldiers in war     Capital- “it takes money to make money”, fertilizer, labor, and tools need to plant cotton

·        Rebuilding- not all land was destroyed and it was put to good use, cotton could be sold at a high price due to shortage, North helped invest in the south.

·        Carpetbaggers (vultures preying on the south’s misfortune, used money to gain high positions in the gov’ts of the south)       Scalawags (traitors, despised by many, worked for carpetbaggers)

·        Political Reconstruction- Presidential- Lincoln died 6 days after Lee surrendered, Andrew Johnson assumed Presidency and wanted to carry out Lincoln’s plan (elect governors to each state, and write a new state constitution asap) 13^th amendment ratified- outlawed slavery an d recognized rights of blacks.

·        Congressional- Radical republicans did not welcome south back into the Union- they wanted them to be punished, Black codes passed in south- laws limiting the political and civil rights of former slaves, Rad Reps. Did not like Johnson and tried to impeach him- not successful.

·        14^th Amendment- made it clear that Blacks were citizens of the US and members of the state they occupy. All citizens regardless of race guaranteed “= protection under the law”

·        1867- 10 southern states placed under military occupation b/c did not ratify the 14^th amendment.

·        1868- blacks voted for 1^st time, and 37 convention delegates elected

·        KKK- founded in Tenn., effort of southern white Democrats to regain control of gov’t

·        End of Reconstruction- Ga put under military occupation due to terrorist acts by KKK- Ga ordered to ratify 15^th amendment, statewide sys of public schools, 1870- Ga. rejoined the US